Central Europe looked to be a smoldering mass of corrupt indulgences and
humanism, needing only a spark to explode into revolution.
In the Germanies, former monk Martin Luther had nailed his
95 Theses
to the door of All Saints' Church,
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icon to follow us on Facebook.been excommunicated without much of a
flinch, and stood before the Diet of Worms refusing to recant. Farther
south in Switzerland, a similar surge of reform was welling in Zurich,
where layman pastor Huldrych Zwingli (pictured) preached to his
congregation against the corruption of the Church.
Unlike Luther, who had served as an Augustinian monk against his father's
wishes, Zwingli had avoided monasticism despite the invitation of the
Dominicans because of his father and uncle's disapproval. Instead, he
attended university at Vienna and Basel, finishing his master's, and being
ordained in Konstanz in 1506. He moved fairly often, continuing his
learning and becoming disgusted with the politics of church and
mercenaries that seemed to pervade Switzerland. Finally he settled in
Zurich in 1519, where he began to diverge from proper Church teachings. He
condemned veneration of the saints, described monks as decadent, affirmed
that unbaptised children were not damned, and questioned tithing,
hellfire, and excommunication. Zwingli and others petitioned for an end to
clergy celibacy, and Zwingli himself married Anna Reinhard three months
before their first child was born.
The petition caught the attention of the bishop of Zurich, who called upon
the civil authorities to uphold order. Zwingli declared the Church
corrupt, and the city council became caught in the middle. Hoping to clear
the air before the Swiss Diet marched on Zurich to force restoration of
order, the council invited the bishop and the unorthodox to a Disputation.
The bishop sent Johann Faber and a delegation while Zwingli came himself,
armed with his Schlussreden summarizing his theological views. Faber was
forbidden to discuss theology with laymen, and so he had been unprepared
for such deep discussion. Initially he decided to appeal only to the
authority of the Church, but Zwingli's words pressed him to reply. In an
hours-long impromptu speech, he addressed each one of Zwingli's
sixty-seven articles and explained or discredited all of them.
Zwingli and his followers were shocked. The large crowd that had gathered
spread the word of the failures of the "reformers," and support for
Zwingli fell throughout the city. He attempted to reclaim his place by
holding communion simply on grounds that the Eucharist was commemorative
rather than substantial. The political gamble would prove a loss, and the
tide of reformation would turn against him as the northern Swiss came to
agree with reformed teachings by the Church. As the Peasants' War guided
by the Anabaptists toward a Christian commonwealth went sour in Germany,
another huge loss for Protestants sank its holdings in central Europe.
Luther had separated himself from the Peasants' War, but his followers
lost numbers as the writings of Johann Faber became more convincing.
Faber would go on to revitalize the Church in his new method of openly
discussing theology. Ideals from Lutheranism such as the free reading of
the Bible were taken and adapted toward a more unified Church standing.
While indulgences would fall out of fashion, the Church would continue its
nearly unquestioned position as guide of Christendom accepting petitions
and minor reforms. Considered by many the instigator of what perilous
times may have come, humanist Desiderius Erasmus was gradually eroded from
the collective mind and replaced with Faber's sense of condemnation for
heretics as outlined in his Malleus Haereticorum.
Faber was also instrumental in organizing the New Crusade against the
Turks in the late 1520s, where his delegation to England convinced Henry
VIII that time and prayer was needed for a male heir, proving correct in
the birth of Henry IX in 1533, though at the cost of his beloved wife
Catherine's life.